CSA W59-18 pdf download – Welded steel construction.
8.1.2 Extent ofexamination 8.1.2.1 Information furnished to the bidder shall clearly define the extent of radiographic examination. 8.1.2.2 When complete examination is specified, the entire length of the weld in each designated joint shall be examined. 8.1.2.3 When partial examination is specified, the locations and lengths of welds or categories of welds to be tested shall be clearly designated in the contract documents. 8.1.2.4 When spot examination is specified, the owner shall include the designated categories of welded joints to be inspected and shall define the unit of length of weld represented by each spot (e.g., one spot per metre, one spot per web splice, etc.). Since the use of spot tests implies that sampling will be involved, the bidder should not be made aware of the specific location of the weld spot(s). Each spot radiograph should show at least 100 mm (4 in) of weld length with the weld image centred on the spot. When a spot radiograph, representative of a given unit length of weld, shows a defect(s) (see Clause 8.1.4), the defect(s) shall be traced for repair. Two additional spots on the same unit length of weld shall be selected to properly sample the remainder of the original unit length of weld. A defective condition in either of these spots shall result in the whole unit length of weld being examined radiographically.
8.1.3 Radiographic procedure 8.1.3.1 General Radiographs shall be made by either X-ray or gamma ray. They shall depict all portions of the welded joint, including the heat-affected zones, without interference from penetrameters or identification markers. They shall be clean and free from processing defects and shall have a density of not less than 1.8 nor more than 4.0. The density of any radiograph shall not vary by more than 0.5 over a constant thickness of work piece. Radiographs shall show a) the outline of the penetrameter; b) the essential hole in the penetrameter and the wire dimensions as defined in Table 8.1 or 8.2 and Figure 8.1 or 8.2; c) the penetrameter identification number; d) the radiograph identification and location marks as indicated in Figures 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, or 8.6 and required by Clause 8.1.3.7.1; and e) the outline of the shim, if applicable. 8.1.3.2 Penetrameter selection The required penetrameters shall be determined from Table 8.1 or 8.2.
8.1.3.3 Personnel requirements Personnel performing radiographic image interpretation shall be certified to Level 1, 2, or 3 in radiographic testing in accordance with CAN/CGSB-48.9712/ISO 9712. Level 1 certified personnel shall operate only under the supervision of Level 2 or 3 certified personnel. 8.1.3.4 8.1.3.4.1 The backing need not be removed from a weld prior to radiography unless its removal is specified, nor does the reinforcement have to be ground or otherwise smoothed unless its surface irregularities or its juncture with the base metal would cause weld defects to be obscured in the radiograph. In either case, the steel under the penetrameter, including shims when required, shall be equal to the combined thickness of the test plate, the backing, and the allowable height of the reinforcement, as applicable. In the selection of penetrameter thickness, the backing shall not be considered as part of the joint thickness. 8.1.3.4.2 Weld tabs shall be removed prior to radiographic inspection unless otherwise approved by the engineer. 8.1.3.4.3 The methodology of radiographic testing shall conform to ASTM E94. 8.1.3.4.4 Radiographic film shall be as described in ASTM E94. Fluorescent screens shall not be used. Radiographic imaging plates for computed radiography shall comply with a recognized international standard such as ASTM E2446 or equivalent.
8.1.3.7.1 Permanent identification shall appear on the radiograph that will show positive correlation with the weld. The location of such identification shall be as shown in Figures 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, or 8.6. This information may be provided by lead characters or other means such as a film imprinter. 8.1.3.7.2 Welded joints shall be radiographed and the film indexed by methods that will provide complete and continuous inspection of the joint within the limits specified. Joint limits shall show clearly in the radiographs. Short film, short screens, excessive undercut by scattered radiation, or any other process that obscures portions of the total weld length shall render the radiograph unacceptable.CSA W59-18 pdf download.
